Limit

Definition

Two-sided limit

Suppose $f$ is a function of one variable and $c \in R$ is a point such that $f$ is defined to the immediate left and immediate right of $c$ (note that $f$ may or may not be defined at $c$ ). In other words, there exists some value $t > 0$ such that $f$ is defined on $(c - t, c) \cup (c, c + t)$ .

For a given value $L \in R$ , we say that:

$lim_{x \to c} f (x) = L$

if the following holds (the single sentence is broken down into multiple points to make it clearer):

For every $ϵ > 0$
there exists $δ > 0$ such that
for all $x \in R$ satisfying $0 < | x - c | < δ$ (explicitly, $x \in (c - δ, c) \cup (c, c + δ)$ ),
we have $| f (x) - L | < ϵ$ (explicitly, $f (x) \in (L - ϵ, L + ϵ)$ ).

The limit (also called the two-sided limit) $lim_{x \to c} f (x)$ is defined as a value $L \in R$ such that $lim_{x \to c} f (x) = L$ . By the uniqueness theorem for limits, there is at most one value of $L \in R$ for which $lim_{x \to c} f (x) = L$ . Hence, it makes sense to talk of the limit when it exists.

Left hand limit

Suppose $f$ is a function of one variable and $c \in R$ is a point such that $f$ is defined to the immediate left of $c$ (note that $f$ may or may not be defined at $c$ ). In other words, there exists some value $t > 0$ such that $f$ is defined on $(c - t, c)$ .

For a given value $L \in R$ , we say that:

$lim_{x \to c^{-}} f (x) = L$

if the following holds (the single sentence is broken down into multiple points to make it clearer):

For every $ϵ > 0$
there exists $δ > 0$ such that
for all $x \in R$ satisfying $0 < c - x < δ$ (explicitly, $x \in (c - δ, c)$ ),
we have $| f (x) - L | < ϵ$ (explicitly, $f (x) \in (L - ϵ, L + ϵ)$ .

The limit $lim_{x \to c^{-}} f (x)$ is defined as a value $L \in R$ such that $lim_{x \to c^{-}} f (x) = L$ . By the uniqueness theorem for limits (one-sided version), there is at most one value of $L \in R$ for which $lim_{x \to c^{-}} f (x) = L$ . Hence, it makes sense to talk of the left hand limit when it exists.

Left hand limit

Suppose $f$ is a function of one variable and $c \in R$ is a point such that $f$ is defined to the immediate right of $c$ (note that $f$ may or may not be defined at $c$ ). In other words, there exists some value $t > 0$ such that $f$ is defined on $(c, c + t)$ .

For a given value $L \in R$ , we say that:

$lim_{x \to c^{+}} f (x) = L$

if the following holds (the single sentence is broken down into multiple points to make it clearer):

For every $ϵ > 0$
there exists $δ > 0$ such that
for all $x \in R$ satisfying $0 < x - c < δ$ (explicitly, $x \in (c, c + δ)$ ),
we have $| f (x) - L | < ϵ$ (explicitly, $f (x) \in (L - ϵ, L + ϵ)$ .

The limit $lim_{x \to c^{+}} f (x)$ is defined as a value $L \in R$ such that $lim_{x \to c^{+}} f (x) = L$ . By the uniqueness theorem for limits (one-sided version), there is at most one value of $L \in R$ for which $lim_{x \to c^{+}} f (x) = L$ . Hence, it makes sense to talk of the right hand limit when it exists.

Relation between the limit notions

The two-sided limit exists if and only if (both the left hand limit and right hand limit exist and they are equal to each other).